清涧河水沙变化分析

清涧河流域水土流失严重。年侵蚀模数在１００００ｔ／ｋｍ２以上。自５０年代初开展水土保持工作，截至１９８９年底止，共治理水土流失面积２２０４．０７ｋｍ２，治理程度达５０．６７％，流域输水输沙明显减少。分析表明：清涧河水沙减少受降雨和流域治理的共同影响，与１９６９年以前相比，７０年代年均减沙１５．４％，８０年代年均减沙７１．３％。在减沙量中，降雨偏枯影响７０年代占１４．６％～２８．２％，８０年代占３６．９％～４１．８％；流域治理减沙量７０年代占７１．８％～８５．５％，８０年代占５８．２％～６３．１％。同时，流域治理减水量也由７０年代的１８．２％～３３．９％增加到８０年代的４２．９％～４７．７％。     

降雨特性和土壤结构对溅蚀的影响

选用黄土高原地区的安塞黄绵土、绥德黄绵土、杨陵粘黄土、杨陵农地耕层土进行人工降雨溅蚀试验 ,研究了降雨特性和土壤结构对雨滴溅蚀的影响。结果表明 :土壤溅蚀量与降雨强度相关关系的最佳函数为指数函数 ;将降雨动能与雨滴中数直径的乘积 ( Ed50 )定义为降雨溅蚀力 ,降雨溅蚀力与溅蚀量呈线性相关关系。降雨溅蚀力是降雨潜在溅蚀能力的反映 ,对溅蚀降雨侵蚀力因子的研究有一定参考价值 ;溅蚀总量随降雨历时的增加而增加 ,而溅蚀率则随降雨历时的增加而减小 ,其变化过程可用幂函数描述 ;原状土的溅蚀量仅为其扰动土溅蚀量的2 2 %～ 3 0 % ,随降雨强度增大 ,雨滴打击力对土壤结构的破坏作用增强 ,使原状土与扰动土溅蚀量间的差异缩小。     

Effect of intermittent drainage in reduction of methane emission from paddy soils in Hokkaido,northern Japan

ABSTRACT

Emission of methane (CH₄), a major greenhouse gas, from submerged paddy soils is generally reduced by introducing intermittent drainage in summer, which is a common water management in Japan. However, such a practice is not widely conducted in Hokkaido, a northern region in Japan, to prevent a possible reduction in rice grain yield caused by cold weather. Therefore, the effects of intermittent drainage on CH₄ emission and rice grain yield have not been investigated comprehensively in Hokkaido. In this study, we conducted a three-year field experiment in Hokkaido and measured CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes and rice grain yield to elucidate whether the reduction in CH₄ emission can be achieved in Hokkaido as well as other regions in Japan. Four experimental treatments, namely, two soil types [soils of light clay (LiC) and heavy clay (HC) textures] and two water management [continuous flood irrigation (CF), and intermittent drainage (ID)], were used, and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were measured throughout the rice cultivation periods from 2016 to 2018. Cumulative CH₄ emissions in 2016 were markedly low, suggesting an initially low population of methanogens in the soils presumably due to no soil submergence or crop cultivation in the preceding years, which indicates a possible reduction in CH₄ emission by introducing paddy-upland crop rotation. Cumulative CH₄ emissions in the ID-LiC and ID-HC plots were 21–91% lower than those in the CF-LiC and CF-HC plots, respectively, whereas the cumulative N₂O emissions did not significantly differ between the different water managements. The amount of CH₄ emission reduction by the intermittent drainage was largest in 2018, with a comparatively long period of the first drainage for 12 days in summer. Rice grain yields did not significantly differ between the different water managements for the entire 3 years, although the percentage of well-formed rice grains was reduced by the intermittent drainage in 2018. These results suggest that CH₄ emission from paddy fields can be reduced with no decrease in rice grain yield by the intermittent drainage in Hokkaido. In particular, the first drainage for a long period in summer is expected to reduce CH₄ emission markedly.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区山地果园集流高效利用技术研究

对黄土丘陵沟壑区山地果园集流节水利用的定位试验观测和分析的结果表明 :将果园修成“回”字形集水面 ,将超渗产流蓄贮 ,既可以减少果园水土流失 ,又能满足果树旱季用水 ;采用地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、绿色覆盖措施可以有效地减少地面蒸发 ,调节地表温度 ,增加土壤有机质 ,达到高效利用雨水资源的目的。该技术具有简便、实用、经济效益高的特点 ,适宜在生产中大力推广应用     

堆渣边坡生态棒护坡措施的水土保持效益

[目的]探究堆渣边坡生态棒防护措施的综合防护效果,为露天采石场裸露边坡的生态修复提供依据。[方法]利用人工降雨模拟试验,收集不同降雨强度下地表层和矿渣层的产流量、产沙量,并建立综合贡献度模型。[结果]随着坡度的增加地表层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递增趋势,而矿渣层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递减趋势,与径流总量相比泥沙总量变化趋势不明显;对照组与生态棒防护措施下,地表层的产流—产沙相关性均高于矿渣层;当降雨强度为30和120mm/h时,生态棒防护边坡在坡度为15°时具有较佳的防护效果,当降雨强度为60mm/h时,径流量和泥沙量受坡度变化的影响不显著。[结论]生态棒防护措施具有拦蓄坡面径流和泥沙的功能,与对照组相比可以更有效地防治坡面水土流失。     

Estimation of rainfall erosivity using 5- to 60-minute fixed-interval rainfall data from China

The 30-min rainfall erosivity index (EI₃₀) is commonly used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation for predicting soil loss from agricultural hillslopes. EI₃₀ is calculated from the total kinetic energy and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity of a storm. Normally, EI₃₀ values are calculated from breakpoint rainfall information taken from continuous recording rain gauge charts, however, in many places in China and other parts of the world the detailed chart-recorded rain gauge data relative to storm intensities are not readily available, while hourly rainfall is readily available. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of EI₃₀ estimations based on 5-, 10-, 15-, 30-, and 60-min time-resolution rainfall data as compared to EI₃₀ estimations from breakpoint rainfall information. 456 storm events from five soil conservation stations in eastern China were used. The values of EI₃₀ based on the fixed-time-interval data were less than those calculated from breakpoint data. The average conversion factors (ratio of values calculated from the breakpoint data to those from the fixed-interval data) for the five stations decreased from 1.105 to 1.009 for the estimation of E values, from 1.668 to 1.007 for I₃₀ values, and from 1.730 to 1.014 for EI₃₀ values as the time resolution increased from 60 to 5 min. The maximum 30-min rainfall intensity was the major source of error in estimating EI₃₀ for 60-min fixed-interval data, while storm kinetic energy played a proportionately more significant role as the fixed-interval data decreased from 60 to 5 min.     

北京地区降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法研究

降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀影响的潜在能力。降雨侵蚀力经典算法所需的降雨过程资料较难获得,一般利用各种类型雨量资料建立降雨侵蚀力的简易算法,为模型的参数输入服务。利用北京10个水文站25年2 894次降雨过程资料。其中5个站点用于建立日、月、年降雨侵蚀力简易计算公式,另外五个站点用语模型检验。研究结果表明,不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力的精度不同,用日或月雨量资料直接估算日或月降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差较大。用日、月或年雨量估算年降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差较小,约有一半的样本相对误差绝对值小于20%,三个模型相比,日雨量模型估算的平均相对误差最小。用日、月或年雨量估算多年平均年降雨侵蚀力时,模型的误差最小,所有样本的相对误差绝对值均小于20%,平均相对误差绝对值最小值只有0.8%,最大值也小于7%,三个模型相比,日雨量模型的估算精度最高。因此在具体应用过程中可以根据资料的占有情况来决定相应的降雨侵蚀力估算模型。本研究结果可以为北京地区土壤侵蚀量估算和水土资源评价提供参数服务。     

Soil loss and soil water content affected by land levelling in Penedès vineyards,NE Spain

This paper analyses the differences in soil moisture, runoff and sediment concentration resulting from land levelling works carried out before new vineyard establishment in a reference wine region of NE Spain. In low disturbed soils, low differences in soil moisture were observed, while in high disturbed soils, soil moisture and water infiltration of the surface were always lower than in the low disturbed ones, while soil sealing was higher in high disturbed than in the low disturbed soils. Differences in runoff and sediment concentrations were also observed. The most disturbed plot showed a higher sediment concentration in runoff, which together with higher runoff volumes gave higher erosion rates and soil losses than the low disturbed one. The differences within the most disturbed soils were high after high intensity rainfall events, while no significant variations were observed in the least disturbed ones.     

青海东部年降雨量变化与粮油作物病害发生的相关性研究

基于1999-2007年青海东部农业区病害发生情况,分析年降雨量的变化与小麦、油菜病害发生的相关性。结果显示,随年降雨量的不同,小麦和油菜病害的发生率也有差别。小麦病害发生率与年降雨量间的相关系数为0.350,满足方程y=-0.015 194x+6.538 82;油菜病害发生率与年降雨量间的相关系数为0.784,满足方程y=0.002 020x-0.569 56。表明小麦、油菜病害发生与年降雨量之间分别存在低度和中度正相关关系,即年降雨量越多,小麦病害和油菜病害发生越严重。